flow line map definition. Process flow diagram: symbol meaning. flow line map definition

 
 Process flow diagram: symbol meaningflow line map definition  These types of maps can show things like the movement of goods across space, the

At 268,596 square miles (695,660 km 2), and with more than 30 million residents in 2023, it is the second-largest U. See flowchart's symbols by. These currents are extremely low frequency and traverse large areas near or at the Earth 's surface. Topographic Maps Topographic maps are usually designed to show the area’s topography, like its artificial and natural landscape markings. Students are required to develop and demonstrate a range of geographical skills, including cartographic, graphical, numerical and statistical skills, throughout their study of the specification. international date line) Map (Maps are the tool most uniquely identified with geography; the ability to use and. 6, if pump A initially draws water from reservoir R 1 and pumps it to reservoir R 2 the hydraulic gradient will be the line abcd. Also remember that winds flow from high to low areas, so this gives meteorologists a chance to predict local wind patterns as well. A flow-line map. A similar method is to use a oscillometric blood pressure device that works by. Use a. Good data mapping ensures good data quality in the data warehouse. Process analysis. It’s a basic sketch meant to define an entity based on its scope, boundaries, and relation to external components like stakeholders. Flow maps are usually used to express the flow relationship of space and are commonly used in population migration, transportation networks, trade links, etc. In geography, a location's relief is the difference between its highest and lowest elevations. S. Read: 4 types of concept maps (with free templates)Best Practices for Business Process Mapping. Name: Data. Process flow diagram. Pacing of Flow Lines 1 – Unstructured and Pulse Line. For example, in value stream mapping, some people draw an up-and-down line underneath the entire map to show the value-added time and the non. Process flow diagram: symbol meaning. The map also shows the location of substations, transmission lines and transmission zones. Process Mapping. Parvini Determining the flow lines (also known as field lines, streamlines, integral curves) of a vector field usually amounts to solving a differential equation or a system of differential equations. Location, direction, and scope of movement can be seen. This region is characterized by mild flutter to wildly fluctuating boost and “barking” from the compressor. A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes & maps all types of data. MindManager, an industry-leading swim lane diagram software, allows you to create complex, detailed swim lane diagrams with ease. Comply with zoning and other regulatory restrictions and requirements. Deployment of the tool on paper only allowed for further explanation and more detailed information. An example of a FIRM with a floodway is shown in Figure 2-1. Europarl8 Rivers and roads are displayed with similar line symbols; this makes interpreting the map somewhat difficult, although the labels of rivers placed in order of stream flow are. The Flow Pattern affects the following: (i) Materials handling cost. A vector field. , 2009; Tobler, 1987 ). A flow-line map is a mixture of a map and a flow chart that plots movement across physical space. A process map is a visual representation that shows a project's steps or tasks. Flowlines can run over land or subsea well-field. The tool you want to download to create this type of map is a customized Distributive Flow Lines tool (DFLT) in ArcGIS. Toyota developed the tool — which it calls a material and information flow diagram — and it is a. Most importantly, it shows the location and elevation of all the drainage structures within the premises. Operation to the left of this line represents a region of flow instability. A flowchart is a type of diagram that explains a process or workflow visually. Second, it can also identify holes in functionality or areas to. An equipotential sphere is a circle in the two-dimensional view of Figure 19. The information is usually shown in a series of arrows. The pipelines that collect the flow from multiple flowlines are known as gathering lines. This is the most frequently used shape in almost every process. 2) ΓΘ (h ολ = 0) is the last equipotential line. A hierarchy map is a type of concept map that shows the order of something. . In mechanics, a stress-induced transformation is called a deformation and may be described by a diffeomorphism. 6. isolines show gradients, defined as the amount of change. The thickness of the lines represents the amount of flow, while the arrows indicate the direction of movement. Learn how to model and analyze two-phase gas/liquid pipe flow and relief sizing in this comprehensive PDF document. A Flow Map is a type of thinking maps which help easy organize and understand information. These symbols come from the Unified Modeling Language or UML, which is an international standard for drawing process maps. Geological Survey Reading Topographic Maps Interpreting the colored lines, areas, and other symbols is the fi rst step in using topographic maps. The process map should be as simple as possible and easy for anyone to follow. Cartography Chapter 1: Introduction to CartographyThe curve provides a map for the flow of this given fluid, and for a steady flow. The best-known continental divide is in North America and it runs along the Rocky and Andes mountain ranges. A contour line may look wavy or circular. Flow lines are often the best and most organized approach to establish a value stream. grid definition: 1. ) Map scale (distance on a map relative to. the ability to use and interpret maps is an essential geographic skill. Flow maps denote the direction a phenomenon is being moved from one location to another. The edge of the Piedmont/Coastal Plain, where various rivers cross from hard bedrock to soft sediments, is marked by a zone of rapids and waterfalls called the Fall Line where Virginia rivers drop 50-100' in elevation. S. Every data flow requires at least one sink transformation, but you can write to as many sinks as necessary to complete your transformation flow. Flow line map definition is a visual representation of the flow or movement of things over space. ConceptDraw flowchart maker allows you to easier create a process flowchart. They carry often a lot of oil to the final treatment. Together, these two sets of lines provide a visual, two-dimensional representation of the groundwater conditions under steady state (that is,. Contour map definition: . U. Introduction. Grading consists of sculpting an area of land for the needs of a specific project. The property line aids city officials in verifying the size, setbacks, and coverage of the lot. It is a generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of purposes, and can be used to describe various processes, such as a manufacturing process, an administrative or service process, or a project plan. Conceptually, the discharge through flow tubes is. The most current data will be. A 100-year flood is a flood event that has on average a 1 in 100 chance (1% probability) of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. (Ex. Examples of process maps: Customer service. A context diagram is a high-level view of a system. any azimuthal map, which shows true direction and examines the Earth from one point-usually a pole or polar projections, is an example o fa planar class. 3. 1The circular flow model is a method for understanding how money travels throughout an economy and a society as a whole. Flow maps show the movement of some phenomenon, normally goods or people, from one place to another. Spot Elevations. These types of maps can show things like the movement of goods across space, the. Was the first to describe the relationship between Man and Nature. Understanding how to compute the interval becomes a valuable skill. The physical structure of two-phase flow known as “flow pattern” is most fundamental among all two-phase flow variables and also forms the basis of two-phase flow modeling methods. . Kavya madhavan facebook official. Line Balancing in Manufacturing Defined. With a sufficiently high velocity, the liquid phase can be carried through without developing a. If we assume that the permeability is 0. Mass production is the manufacturing of the same standardized product lines for a prolonged period of time. 3. Rarely do you. , every particle passing a point behaves exactly like the previous particle that has just passed that point. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Referring to Figure 19. Once you have defined the boundary conditions, start trial sketching of flow lines and equipotentials, following the rules in step 2 above, and being sure that the flow lines and equipotentials always intersect at right angles. Of the 31 definitions provided, 67 % described the purpose as identification of gaps and 58 % referenced a stakeholder engagement process or user-friendly product. The Fall Line is closer to a zone of turbulent flow; it is not single, fixed line with a 50-100' tall. Import this flow map example on HEFLO online modeler. Water vapor is the key precursor for rain and snow and one of the most. 500-mb vorticity is also termed vertical vorticity (the spin is in relation to a vertical axis). Typically, this phenomenon may occur in a pocketed line between an overhead condenser at grade and an elevated reflux drum. Arrows can be used to show direction, or if the movement is incoming or outgoing. In this example, air pressure is shown using the isolines. Englishtainment. Most high- and low-pressure areas seen on weather maps (such as surface weather. Types of Maps: Topographic Reflects the Earth’s physical features (terrain, elevation) Graphs in the form of “maps”: Cartograms •Distorts size of a map units to allow comparison of data. The steepness of the high flow part of a constant speed line is due to the effects of compressibility. The contour map represents the topography of the water table and can be used to infer the general direction of flow. Flow charts are Process Map Symbols or Flow Diagrams. steel, plastic, poly, or fiberglass, and the date the map was created. Learn more about Types of Maps. Flow lines on a tilted torus: the height function satisfies the Morse-Smale condition. Name. After a row definition line has been created, you cannot change the value in the Type field. These maps can be used to assess transportation patterns, migration routes, and data flow within a system. Like potentiometric surface maps, potentiometric profiles consist of a series of contour lines of equal hydraulic heads. What do topographic maps show? Show an area's topography (3D features), such as it's artificial and natural landscape markings. Extensive image library—over 700 topic images, icons, and symbols to add to your bubble maps. An example is shown in Figure 5. While there are many types of flow maps, origin–destination (OD) flow maps illustrate directed flows between origin and destination locations while ignoring the actual routes between locations ( Dent et al. Contour lines show stream direction with the V-shaped lines through which you see the streams and rivers run through on a topo map. The Western Interconnection is made up of about 136,000 miles of transmission lines. A contour line is a line drawn on a topographic map to indicate ground elevation or depression. The map view updates to show only storms that occurred in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The purpose of the story map is to visualize where the user stories/features fit along the entire user journey,. Background. At low velocities, liquid collects at the low point and periodically can become a slug in the line. A swimlane (as in swimlane diagram) is used in process flow diagrams, or flowcharts, that visually distinguishes job sharing and responsibilities for sub-processes of a business process. By definition, a vector field on is called complete if each of its flow curves exists for all time. Desire lines and flow lines. L1 process is an end to end transaction flow. AVOIDING SLUG FLOW. The types of flow lines include (Figure 23): radial (with places mapped as nodes of. It’s any data used in the flowchart. Geology of the Fall Line. Definition of a Journey Map. why diagram maps often are rather disappointing, from a communication point of view. Learn the definition of 'flow-line'. Blade helis vortex 250 pro? Definicion de indexacion en contabilidad! Dat702. It does not go into details as marking all the processes. It is a generalization of. In hydrological and fluvial landforms, the thalweg is a line drawn to join the lowest points along the entire length of a stream bed or valley in its downward slope, defining its deepest channel. An isoline map is a way of presenting numerical data cartographically, helping readers to recognize geographical patterns and relationships, such as travel time catchments. e. Story mapping serves a few key purposes. DEFINITION. Laminar Flow: Re < 2000 ‘low’ velocity; Fluid particles move in straight lines; Layers of water flow over one another at different speeds with virtually no mixing between layers. It comprises an outline of the site. Flowchart symbols and explanations. [cartography] A map that uses line symbols of variable thickness to show the proportion of traffic or flow within a network. Network flow maps represent the flow of elements along existing networks, such as transportation or communication systems. Flow lines in network flow maps can be represented using line thickness and color to denote magnitude. NHD data will continue to be available, but no longer maintained. Name: Document. Truly qualitative data can be classified to show differences in quantity and marked as such in the legend. Visualization showing global ocean currents from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, at sea level, then at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) below sea level Animation of circulation around ice shelves of Antarctica. Flow arrows in Figure 5. Value stream mapping is a technique — developed from Lean manufacturing — that organizations use to create a visual guide of all the components necessary to deliver a product or service, with the goal of analyzing and optimizing the entire process. A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process. All evidence maps explicitly used a systematic approach to evidence synthesis. It is a type of thematic map that uses lines or arrows to show direction and magnitude of flow. A . There is a well-defined, low-flow boundary marked on the map as a stall or surge line, at which blade stall occurs due to positive incidence separation. 1. Isoline maps. The space formed between two flow lines and two equipotential lines is called a flow field. Origin-destination flow maps show the start and end points (and often the direction) of flows, but do not map out a route. Hikers use this) Dot Map. (1) The top of the wetted line, the water surface, or the hydraulic grade line of water flowing in an open channel or partially full conduit. Hydrography data are integral to a myriad of mission critical activities undertaken and managed by. flow line: [noun] distinguishable differences (as of color, texture, or arrangement of crystals) indicative of flow having taken place in a plastic solid (as an igneous rock formation or wrought metal). 7. Flowlines may be buried or at grade on the surface of land or seafloor. lines of flow are often drawn. By making the change in elevation. Definition. Modify graduated symbology. Process diagram. Surge is the left hand boundary of the compressor map. the direction of actual flow: actual flow is from a lower interface price to a higher interface price: actual flow is from a higher interface price to a lower interface price: an interface without a corresponding external interface price: actual flow across interface: scheduled flow across interfaceGraphs usually represent quantitative data on an 2D image with an x-y axis, using lines or bars. In the vertical column shown in Figure 19, the. Identify the suppliers of each of the inputs. GEOGRAPHIC SKILLS: FLOW-LINE MAPS. Troughs. The process of creating a value stream map takes all the necessary people,. (v) The rate of the performance and coordination of operations. A grading plan is a construction drawing that shows the proposed grading of a site. GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data with all types of descriptive information. Also note that the accuracy of the gathering and flow line maps are only as accurate as the data submitted to the Division of Oil and Gas by the oil and gas community. 5 – A sales process map example. The method is often used in civil engineering, hydrogeology or soil mechanics as a first. They are widely used in multiple fields to document, study, plan, improve and communicate often complex processes in clear, easy-to-understand diagrams. g. Consequently, a flow shop is less flexible than a job shop. There are many factors affecting the flow pattern, including the flow rate of each phase, pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension, pipe geometry, inclination angle, distance from the inlet. Flowcharts, sometimes spelled as flow charts, use rectangles, ovals, diamonds and potentially numerous other. Englishtainment. flow-line map. 0 notation example, appears in the lower-left corner of some tasks. What problem is cause by maps two-dimensional?A flowchart is a picture of the separate steps of a process in sequential order. Texas shares borders with the states of. A flow-line map is a mixture of a map and flow chart that plots movement across physical space. Thematic maps have. Gathering lines are maintained by the Division of Oil and Gas, and data updates are done for this service on a periodic basis (about once a year). By National Hydrography. We can apply this equation to the scenario in Figure 14. The 100-year flood is also referred to as the 1% flood. In fact, a basic assessment of the proposed construction takes into consideration building lines and elevations before any design work is started. teachers often use them in many ways to enhance the impact of classroom guidance lessons or small groups. This process takes a few minutes. In QGIS, you can use the QGIS Cartogram Plugin for this style of cartogram. Construction of a flow net is often used for solving groundwater flow problems where the geometry makes analytical solutions impractical. Flow net. In fact, it is required that for in , there is a neighborhood of in which the Jacobian stays non-singular. The flow line is an important medium that helps people to understand the node relationship and the flow level. Desire and flow line maps show movements from one place to another: flow lines show the exact path of movement; desire lines show a general direction of movement; Movements are shown as lines. Department of the Interior U. Flowline mapping is an information visualization technique used to display the paths of objects over time. They are a powerful study strategy because they help. Discover how the technology is strengthening relationships, driving efficiencies, and opening communications channels in your community. 1. A dot-distribution map. Isopleth maps differ from choropleth maps in that the data is not grouped to a pre-defined unit like a city district. #flowlinemap #whatisaflowlinemap #bgcsegeography #flowlinema. They are used to define the direction that an area's rivers flow and drain into the oceans and seas. Arguably the. The legal boundary between the lot in question and adjoining properties and/or public land is defined by a property line. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. More Process Map and Flow Chart Symbols Connectors: In order to draw many flow lines crossing each other and making the process map messy, Connectors are used to show that one point connects with another. Flow Line A flow line for a map on a vector field is a path such that . It is common to focus on smooth vector fields, meaning that each component is a smooth function (differentiable any number of times). The flow rate in case of streamline flow remains constant throughout the flow of liquid through the pipe. Browse the use examples 'flow lines' in the great English corpus. It can be helpful to outline and breakdown your flow chart into three main stages: an entry point, steps to completion, and the final step in completing a task or the final interaction. 6. With your value stream fully mapped, you can start to analyze and track flow metrics. Choropleth Map. TIME: Age of Exploration. Write the letter of the correct map on the line next to the correct definition. Shows data using colors/tonal shadings (More = Darker) Flow-line Map. Warm fronts are marked on weather maps with a red line of half circles pointing in the direction of travel and mark the edge of an advancing warm air mass; a flow of warmer air that. Rule 1: Flowchart opening statement must be ‘start’ keyword. The Flowchart describes the flow of data through an information processing systems and the parts of the flows. Florida Department of TransportationOn a performance map, the stable operating range of a compressor is limited by the surge line. The map should show the well location and permit number, the operator's name, the flow and/or gathering lines, connecting gas transmission lines or tank batteries, the line diameter and material of construction, e. * Decision: This shape indicates a. It is a tool used by geographers and city planners to study the movement of people and goods. Definition. 2. It shows changes in fluid pressure, temperature, entropy, flow rate etc. isoline/isarithm: a line derived through interpolation that connects points of equal attribute value on a map. Block Definition Diagram (bdd) Internal Block Diagram (ibd) Parametric Diagram (par) Package diagram (pkg) Behavior Diagrams. Flowchart represents information or processes as boxes, lines, and text. Think of service blueprints as a part two to customer journey maps. A grading plan is a construction drawing that shows the proposed grading of a site. Flowing water finds its way downhill initially as small creeks. Select the Tree control check box to view the tree structure. This map displays up-to-date information on queues and generation deactivations across the PJM footprint. It’s the most widely-used symbol in flowcharting. If people have built a dam to hinder a river's flow, the lake. ) 2. The pipelines that collect the flow from multiple flowlines are known as gathering lines. map, planimetric: Map that presents only the horizontal positions for features represented. * Process: This shape represents a typical step in your process. If the pumped flow is increased the hydraulic gradient must. (Note: This property is sometimes used as a definition of a contour. desire lines show a general direction of movement. When flow lines are added to sets of equipotential lines the potentiometric map becomes a flow net (Figure 77). Fabrizio lazzeri facebook. In 2021, this natural gas transportation network. a type of thematic map that uses dots or other symbols on the map to show the values of one or more numeric data fields. These imaginary lines provide a good visual representation of the terrain. 7. These maps can take two forms: Lines of equal value are drawn such that all values on one side are higher than the "isoline" value and all values on the other side are lower, or. A process map is also called a flowchart, process flowchart, process chart, functional process chart, functional flowchart, process model, workflow diagram,. A flow map is a thematic map that visualizes the movement of quantities (e. OK -- An invert is the lowest point of a conveyance. 2. A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes & maps all types of data. This can be a channel or pipe. Geological Survey and the Idaho Department of Water Resources measured groundwater levels during spring 2022 and autumn 2022 to create detailed potentiometric-surface maps for the alluvial aquifer in the Big Lost River Valley in south-central Idaho. Ranges of similar value are filled. Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to the equipotential lines. (vi) Amount of physical and mental strain on the operators. Just like the flowchart standards that define shape meaning, flow lines also have standardization. 1: An isolated point charge Q with its electric field lines in blue and equipotential lines in green. Establish allowable height and depth of cuts, fills, and swales. The edge of the Piedmont/Coastal Plain, where various rivers cross from hard bedrock to soft sediments, is marked by a zone of rapids and waterfalls called the Fall Line where Virginia rivers drop 50-100' in elevation. A topographical map will contain many contour lines, but the change in elevation between each line will remain the same; this is called a contour interval. Learn the essentials of process flow diagrams (PFD), including the history, benefits and helpful. A flow shop process uses specialized resources and the work follows a fixed path. Delay: The Delay flowchart symbol depicts any waiting period that is part of a process. The story map is commonly created during product discovery to outline a new product or feature. Flow lines into an alternate process flow step are typically dashed. Flowline mapping is an information visualization technique used to display the paths of objects over time. It is a generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of purposes, and can be used to describe various processes, such as a manufacturing process, an administrative or service process, or a project plan. The story map is commonly created during product discovery to outline a new product or feature. Isopleth maps differ from choropleth maps in that the data is not grouped to a pre-defined unit like a city district. Sharp contour points indicate pointed ridges. Learn more about these maps using the lesson called Thematic Maps: Definition & Types. Flow lines may sit directly on the dirt, be buried, on supports or placed on sleepers. Uses of Topographic Map. A . In a process flowchart, data flow and user flow are shown by using connectors from one shape to the next, making complicated processes easier to follow. One of the keys to deriving hydrologic characteristics of a surface is the ability to determine the direction of flow from every cell in the raster. Concept maps are visual representations of information. The flow-line of a pipe is the bottom inside portion of the pipe. In other words, it is a visual representation that captures the basic flow of people, products, and process documents or papers. Administrative areas on the other hand are much less linear. Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species. Surge is most commonly experienced when one of two situations exist. Every fifth line, known as the index contour, is darker and heavier than the others. Flow lines are the connection from the well itself, to either a treatment plant or a gathering station. g. DFD describes the processes that are involved in a system to transfer data from the input to the file storage and reports generation. What Shapes Are Used in Flowcharts. The relief map definition is a map that shows the height and elevation levels of the land, generally through shading, tints, or contour lines. For a V ditch it is a single flow line. Cognitive or Mental Map. flow-line map. Also known as the “Terminator Symbol,” this symbol represents the start points, end points, and potential outcomes of a path. Figure 6. Physical Maps D ? Help you see types of landforms and bodies of water in a specific areas. Most continents have multiple continental divides and some rivers flow. A wireframe is the sort of blueprint showing what a website, web application, or mobile application can potentially. The values in the cells of the flow direction grid indicate the direction of the steepest descent from that. [1] [2] It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function parallel to the -plane. A line is a set of points in a straight path that extends in opposite directions without ending. g. Data mapping is an essential part of ensuring that in the process of moving data from a source to a destination, data accuracy is maintained. Classrooms and atlases include reference maps. Definition: 1. A hydraulic gradient must be drawn for the system in which the pumps are to work to confirm that the siting of the added pump is correct. Start by writing down a basic flow like a mind map. With the purpose of representing the “in and out” flow of the information system, people can choose the data chart. A Path button appears on the Marks card, and the map view updates with a line connecting every data point. There are. The width of the arrow may show how extensive the flow is. This information will be used by earthworks contractors to create a site access plan. displays physical features and elevation of the landscape. The trunk lines are usually the bigger lines. A flow-line map is a mixture of a map and flow chart that plots movement across physical space. 1-dimensional steady flow: The fundamental type of flow treated in open-channel hydraulics. Mapping is a crucial part of Earth science. Choose your shape, determine your line style, color code your sections and create your processes. For example, a topographic contour is sometimes defined ‘as a line joining points of equal elevation. Most easily understood and read by many people. Texas (/ ˈ t ɛ k s ə s /, also locally / ˈ t ɛ k s ɪ z /; Spanish: Texas, Tejas) is a state in the South Central region of the United States. ; The flow velocity profile for laminar flow in circular pipes is parabolic in shape, with a maximum flow in the center of the pipe and a. A diffeomorphism between two surfaces and has a Jacobian matrix that is an invertible matrix. it should follow some rules while creating a flowchart. Supporting users have an ad free experience!Given that the hydraulic gradient is computed by subtracting the head, h 1, at the origin from the head, h 2, at a distance ΔL from the origin in the direction of flow, and then dividing by the distance ΔL, the negative sign in Equation 21 provides a positive value of volumetric flow rate from high to low hydraulic head. NHD Flow Lines. These maps show a selection of physical and/or cultural features through a map. To first approximation, groundwater flows down-gradient (from high to low hydraulic head). The change in elevation from contour line to contour line is called the contour interval. Entry point. OCR_Geog_Team. Finally, a cartogram is a map in which the variable being mapped replaces actual geographic space. While there are many different types of flowcharts, a basic flowchart is the simplest form of a process map. Use a white board or a large piece of paper and draw a large circle in the centre. The first line illustrates the three planes (think of them as three plates of glass intersecting at 90°),. 0000008 m/s. Open in Map Viewer. Maps of this type often depict the vector movement of entities (imports and exports, people, information) between geographic areas, but the general method also encompasses a range of graphics illustrating networks (e. It’s a powerful tool that can be used in multiple fields for planning, visualizing, documenting, and improving processes. Thus, a peak flow of 15,000 ft 3 /s at the site is said to have a 100-year recurrence interval. Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines are field lines in a fluid flow . Compressor characteristic is a mathematical curve that shows the behaviour of a fluid going through a dynamic compressor. A two-dimensional relief map displays the topography of a given area. A cartogram (also called a value-area map or an anamorphic map, the latter common among German-speakers) is a thematic map of a set of features (countries, provinces, etc.